====== Module "Wall" ======

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:modul_wall.png |Module "Wall"}}

===== Input data =====

The input is divided into:
  * wall dimensions and boundary conditions
  * cross section
  * design loads and design factors
  * stability
  * connection wall floor
  * fire

==== Wall dimensions and boundary conditions ====

In the current version, only rectangular wall elements without openings can be calculated. The wall is defined via a wall height and wall length.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:dimensions_and_boundary_conditions.png |wall dimensions and boundary conditions}}

The bearing of the wall at the top and bottom edges is hinged and the lateral edges are free. These boundary conditions cannot be changed at present.
==== Cross section ====

In this module, the cross section is defined in the direction of the wall length (vertical cross section) and the width of the cross section cannot be changed.

++++ See Module "CLT-Plate 1D - Continuous beam" |
{{page> :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_plate1d_continuousbeam#querschnitt&inline&permalink&noheader}}
++++
==== Design loads and design factors ====

The loads entered, are at design level.

The following loads can be applied:
  * vertical load q<sub>d</sub>
  * horizontal load H<sub>d</sub>
  * load q<sub>⊥,d</sub> perpendicular to the wall

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:design_loads_and_factors.png |design loads and design factors}}

Should it be necessary to define an eccentric load application of q<sub>d</sub>, the input of e<sub>qd</sub> can be displayed by pressing the button {{:en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:eccentricity_button.png|Settings for eccentric load application}}.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:vertical_load_eccentricity.png |Eccentricity of the vertical load}}

For the calculation of the tensile force in the anchor it is necessary to know the proportion of the permanent vertical loads (percentage of g<sub>d</sub>). Since the permanent vertical load has a relieving effect on the anchor force, this is reduced by multiplication with ξ.

By default, the horizontal load is applied at top of the wall, but can be shifted by entering Δy<sub>Hd</sub>.

Furthermore, the design factors are specified here.

Design loads and design factors must also be specified for the case of fire.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:design_loads_and_factors_fire.png |design loads and design factors in case of fire}}

==== Stability ====

For the verification of stability, the buckling length coefficients β<sub>ℓk</sub> and in case of fire β<sub>ℓk,fi</sub> have to be defined. The buckling length is then calculated from the buckling length coefficient and the wall height. The buckling coefficient k<sub>c</sub>, which is required for the verification, is then automatically determined from the buckling length and the specific cross-section.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:stability.png |stability parameters}}

<wrap center tip 100%>
The straightness factor β<sub>c</sub> and the conversion factor to the 5% quantile k<sub>05</sub> can be changed in the settings.
</wrap>

==== Connection wall floor ====

For the connection in the floor joint, 4 calculation models are currently available:
  * Tension, compression discrete & shear continuously
  * Compression diskret & tension, shear continuously
  * Tension, compression linear & shear continuously
  * Tension, compression, shear continuously

The chosen model should take into account the existing fasteners in the floor joint.

Depending on the selected calculation model, different inputs are required.

**Tension, compression discrete & shear continuously**

This model should be selected if tie rods and shear angles are used. Here the load widths for compression and tension are to be entered and an edge distance of the tie rod. The distance of the resulting tensile and compressive force is calculated automatically from this.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:wall_floor_connection_discrete.png |Tension, compression discrete & shear continuously}}

**Compression diskret & tension, shear continuously**

This model assumes continuous tensile force transmission, as for example in the case of the connection with the SHERPA CLT connector. Here, only the load application width of the compression zone has to be defined.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:wall_floor_connection_compression_discrete.png |Compression diskret & tension, shear continuously}}

**Tension, compression linear & shear continuously**

This model corresponds to the beam theory and should only be used for very narrow wall strips.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:wall_floor_connection_linear.png |Tension, compression linear & shear continuously}}

**Tension, compression, shear continuously**

This model corresponds to an approximate solution of a plate loaded in plane.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:wall_floor_connection_cont.png |Tension, compression, shear continuously}}

**Spring model**

In this model, tensile and shear spring stiffnesses of discretely arranged fasteners can be entered as well as a distribution width for the respective stress direction. The contact (compressive stress) is taken into account by means of an elastic bedding (input of the bedding factor c in kN/m/m).

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:wall_floor_connection_spring_model.png?700 |Spring model}}
==== Fire ====

++++ See Module "CLT-Plate 1D - Continuous beam" |
{{page> :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_plate1d_continuousbeam#brand&inline&permalink&noheader}}
++++

Fire left / right instead of fire above and below.

===== Results and output =====

==== Cross section values ====

The effective stiffnesses of the wall are given in the tab "cross section values" for the full cross section and in case of structural fire design for the charred cross section.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:cross_section_values.png |Cross section values}}

==== Summary of the results ====

In the "Verification" tab, the calculated utilisation rates for the respective design situation are displayed.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:results.png |Summary of the results}}

The normal and shear stresses are given in the tab "Stresses"

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:stresses.png |Stresses}}

The distribution of the internal forces n<sub>y</sub> and n<sub>xy</sub> over the wall length and m<sub>y</sub> and v<sub>y</sub> over the wall height are given in the tab "Distribution of internal forces". 

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:normal_force_distribution.png |Distribuation of internal forces}}

Analogously, the internal forces in case of fire.

{{ :en:clt:hotspot:software:cltdesigner:manual:modul_wall:normal_force_distribution_fire.png |Distribuation of internal forces in case of fire}}